Not sure if this fits your needs, but, if you haven’t seen it yet, my Wholesale Ordering plugin allows you to define a separate tax class that can be used for wholesale customers. If you use the 2 plugins together, Wholesale Ordering and User Role Pricing, you can decide which roles are treated as wholesale, and they will use the tax class you set for wholesale.
So, that gives you 2 different tax classes that you can use. 1 for retail customers, and 1 for wholesale customers. If you need more than that, we would have to discuss custom programming.
Also, I’m sure you’re aware, but within each tax class you can specify different taxes based on location, so you can narrow it down to Country, State, City, or even zip code, with a different tax rate (and name) for each. So, if your customers are in different cities, or postal codes, you can create a rate for them by setting up a tax rate for each postal code or city.